Corporal Paul Edward Harman was killed during operation Banner (Northern Ireland) on 14 December 1977.
Paul was alone whilst driving an unmarked civilian vehicle along the Monagh Road in the Turf Lodge area, when he was stopped by members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. As he attempted to escape, he was shot dead by the terrorists.
Paul, the son of a diplomat, was born in Ankara, Turkey on 15 April 1950. He originally joined the 16th/5th Lancers (regimental number: 24302090) and served in Cyprus during the Turkish invasion of the island. He transferred to the Intelligence Corps on 15 May 1975 (photograph of Squad 57 attached), and having been selected for special duties he was posted to Northern Ireland and was 27 years old on the day he died.
He was the only member the Corps to be killed in action during operations in Northern Ireland (Operation BANNER). In his memory, the trophy awarded to the winning team at the Corps’ annual football tournament was renamed the Harman Trophy.
Our thoughts are with his family and friends.
(Image: Paul on Exercise SNOW QUEEN 1975.)
Above text and images from the Intelligence Corps.
On the morning of 9 April 1940 Germany attacked Denmark and after sporadic fighting during which cities and towns were bombed by the Luftwaffe the Danish government decided the German military was too powerful and after surrendering began cooperating with their occupying forces.
According to the Nationalmuseet the Danish government decided to cooperate with the German occupiers to preserve as much self-determination as possible for Denmark whilst still accommodating the wishes of the Germans and also sought to protect Danish society from the harsh measures which might be introduced by the Germans and the Danish Nazis (National Socialist Workers’ Party of Denmark).
Danish volunteers – National Socialist Workers’ Party of Denmark.
Most Danes supported the strategy of their political leaders and according to SOE historians there was little effective resistance until SOE began sending agents to recruit volunteers before proving training, supplying weapons and organising resistance forces and among the 51 agents sent from London was Filip Johansen.
Prior to joining SOE Danish Section 23-year-old Johansen had served six months with the 8th Battalion the ‘Buff’s’ (East Kent Regiment). Johansen is thought to have completed agent training and selection on or shortly before 12 May 1943 because he was commissioned into SOE as a lieutenant on this date.
The precise date Filip Johansen arrived in Denmark by parachute as a sabotage expert continues to be debated but is known he arrived when SOE was still building circuits and had no effective resistance in Denmark and Johansen later trained a number of saboteurs who later successfully attacked several strategic targets. Throughout 1943 resistance movements in Denmark were mainly supplied with sabotage stores by air and sea but as resistance increased throughout 1944 thousands of weapons were sent to hundreds of resisters and by late 1944 there is said to have been around 50,000 men and women engaged in all forms of resistance and this equated to 1% of the population. London regarded Denmark as being important for D-day because coordinated resistance would help tie-down German forces that otherwise might be deployed to northern France. Apart from recruiting, training, support and guidance Filip Johansen and the 56 other agents sent from Britain needed to bring together various political groups with conflicting post-war political agendas.
How Johansen’s cover was eventually blown was never discovered and several accounts failed to pass close scrutiny. It is believed that on 25 July 1944 his safehouse which was an apartment in Copenhagen was surround by German troops under the command of the local Gestapo. There was no means of escape and to avoid capture and inevitable torture for information he swallowed his SOE issued ‘L’ pill (lethal) containing cyanide and died in less than thirty-seconds.
The fate of Anthony Palmer and the twenty-three Jewish volunteers from Palestine under his command is not known and many rumours resulted in conflicting documents. It was later claimed SOE HQ in London did not do a full investigation in case the Germans learned of their interest as this might have placed them in greater danger!
Jewish volunteer’s preparing for Operation (Jewish Times)
Operation Boatswain was a ‘coup-de-main’ operation (a single mission to attack a particular target). On Friday 18 May 1941 Palmer and twenty-three Jewish volunteers’ left the port of Haifa aboard Sea Lion (Ari Hayam) to destroy oil refineries near Tripoli but after leaving Haifa nothing was heard from them even though Sea Lion and the team had a wireless link to SOE Massingham in Algeria.
It was rumoured that Sea Lion was hit or was attacked by a British submarine but there is no evidence to support this claim. It was then said a Jewish agent in Lebanon reported that a number of bodies had been washed ashore, one appeared to be Palmer and the bodies were dressed in the same clothing worn by the raiding party.
On 6 June British wireless intelligence intercepted a German signal stating a British officer and a number of men in a motor boat had been picked up off the coast of Bardia, Libya. This was followed by rumours of a raiding party being executed; another rumour claimed Palmer and some men were alive and being held in a prison off the coast of Syria. There was then a report of Palmer and his men being taken to either Alexandretta or Antioch before being transported to Germany. There was also another report stating they were in a French prison.
Major Anthony Palmer and the men under his command are officially listed as “Place of death uncertain. Possibly lost in Aegean Sea.” The above is typical of the difficulties facing SOE historians when attempting to research operations, the fate of many agents and ‘coup-de-main’ operatives.
Major John Wallace served with the Royal Rifle Corps before joining SOE as a ‘coupe-de-main’ operative on 7 May 1943 and served at SOE Cairo where he also went through training and selection.
When he parachuted into Greece on the night of 17/18 July 1944 various Greek Resistance groups were attacking German forces but like resistance movements in several other occupied countries these groups were also fighting each other to further their post-war political ambitions.
One of the main groups receiving considerable support from SOE Massingham Mission based in Algeria was the right-wing Ethnikos Dimokraciko Ellinikos Syndesmos (EDES: National Republican Greek League) led by Napolean Zervas; Wallace had been sent to Greece as an observer and visited the operational area of the EDES.
On 17 August 1944 the EDES under Zervas was involved in a major engagement against German positions and Massingham was later informed that during the battle the EDES came under heavy machine-gun fire during which a bullet hit Major Wallace in the top of his left shoulder and the bullet came out about half-way down his spine and he only lived for a few minutes after being hit. The following day he was buried by members of the 10th Greek Division at a cemetery at Paramythia.
A plaque was later erected by his grave saying, “Here rests among his guerrilla comrades an Englishman, Major David Wallace killed on 17 August 1944 during the battle of Menina. The soil of Greece is honoured to give shelter to this hero.”
L/R Hugh Dormer, Harry Graham, Victor Soskice, Phillip Amphlett, George Demand, David Sibtree.
Unlike most SOE operations where agents remained in country for many months Scullion 2 was a ‘coup-de-main operation which was a single mission to attack a target before making their way to an extraction point to return to Britian by air or sea. Sometimes coup-de-main operators escaped to a neutral country with the assistance of an escape line and SOE had its own escape section called DF.
Scullion 2 consisting of team leader Hugh Dormer, wireless operator George Deman and two demolition experts – Harry Graham and Victor Soskice who was serving with the American OSS (Office of Strategic Services). On the night of 16 August 1943 they arrived by parachute to destroy the Les Telots oil refinery near Autun in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France.
It is known George Demand informed London by wireless that Graham and Soskice had placed several demolition charges at the refinery; they were about to split-up into three groups before making their way separately to the extraction point , but only Hugh Dormer eventually arrived.
It is now believed David Sibtree, Philippe Amphlett, George Demand, Harry Graham and Victor Soskice were arrested by the Gestapo and hanged at Flossenburg camp in Germany on 29 March 1945.
Hugh Dormer, the only survivor, appears to have returned to his unit because he is listed by the CWGC as being killed in action on 31 July 1944 at Saint Martin- des- Besaces, Normandy whilst serving with 2nd Tank Squadron 2nd Battalion Irish Guards.
During 1928 Fritz Suhren joined the Nationalists Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) commonly referred to as the NAZI party and was also a member of the Sturmabteilung (SA) noted for its extreme violence against German Jews, communists and anyone opposed to the rise of Hitler.
Sturmabteilung (SA) (Image public domain)
Whilst serving as the Deputy Commandant at Sachsenhausen concentration camp he ordered a prisoner named Harry Naujok who was a German Communist and anti-fascist to hang another prisoner, but Naujok refused. The gallows were fitted with a winch to ensure death was long and painful; surprisingly Naujok was not shot and was ordered to stand on the gallows next to the condemned prisoner and watch the man’s agonising death before another prisoner was forced to operate the winch.
From July 1942 to April 1945 Suhren was the Commandant of Ravensbrûck concentration camp which was the largest camp for female political prisoners. The camp had over 150 female SS guards known as Aufseherin (overseer) who carried whips and used dogs to enforce discipline and were just as brutal as the male guards. Ravensbrûck was also a training camp for over 4,000 Aufseherin’s before they were assigned to other camps
c1940 Aufseherin’s
Photograph taken during the Liberation of Ravensbrûck (public domain)
Hard labour at Ravensbrûck
Elsie Maréchal worked for the Belgium end of the COMET escape line rescuing allied airmen and others before being arrested and transported to Ravensbrûck; during a war crimes tribunal she said “We were to die of misery, hunger and exhaustion… The first thing I saw when I arrived was a cart with all dead bodies piled on it… Their arms and legs hanging out and mouths and eyes wide open. We did not feel like we had the value of cattle. You worked or you died.”
SOE agent Odette Sansom mentioned a young girl 18 or 19 years old being shot through the head by an SS guard, “She was Fresh. Still warm when the women attacked her body. They were crazy, demented and needed to consume whatever they could to survive.”
Under Suhren’s command SS doctors, without anaesthetic or pain relief, carried out medical experiments on prisoners. Among the recorded experiments during which prisoners were awake include bone transplants, infecting bones and muscles with bacteria and experiments on female reproductive system. The camp also supplied women for brothels at several camps and most died from sexual violence and the rampant spread of sexually transmitted disease.
When SOE agent Odette Sansom had been arrested and tortured over several days and spent over a month in solitary confinement in a cell with no light or heating she convinced the Gestapo she was married to Peter Churchill, the agent who had been arrested with her and he was a close relative to British Prime minister Winston Churchill and the news of her powerful family connection through marriage rapidly spread and by the time she arrived at Ravensbrûck Suhren and Berlin were not sure how to treat her.
The Walther PPK belonging to Fritz Suhren now part of the Imperial War Museum collection.
Odette Sansom GC.
After the defeat of Germany was seen as inevitable and the Soviet Army would liberate the camp Suhren was fearful of being captured by the Russians. Suhren had been taken in by the lie of Odette’s family connection and believed Winston Churchill would be lenient for saving the life of a member of his family and would not be convicted of war crimes despite the overwhelming evidence against him. Fritz Suhren gave Odette Sansom his Walther PPK pistol, now on display at the Imperial War Museum in London, before they drove to the American lines and Sansom gave her notorious prisoner to a group of surprised American soldiers.
Fritz Suhren later escaped and during the Hamburg Ravensbrûck trial Suhren was found guilty of war crimes, crimes against humanity and sentence to death in absentia. Suhren had fled to Bavaria where he was caught by American forces in 1949 and sent to the French Occupied Zone and was executed by firing squad on 12 June 1950 along with SS guard Hans Pflaum.
Fritz Suhren after his arrest and traken to the French Zone.
Again, it was an honour to be invited to attend Founders Day of the Royal Hospital Chelsea. The reviewing officer was HRH The Duke of Edinburgh.
The Royal Hospital was established “For the succour and relief of veterans broken by age and war, founded by Charles II, enlarged by James II and completed by King William and Queen Mary in the year of our lord 1692. “ After entering the grounds visitors were given an Oak Leaf to wear in remembrance of King Charles II escaping from Parliamentary troops by hiding in a Oak Tree after the Battle of Worcester in 1651 during the civil.
It was wonderful spending time with veterans of several generations including this veteran of the Korean War and all had incredible stories to tell.
“Victoria Cross should be a signal act of valour…not a single act”
Author and Military Historian Damien Lewis believes those overseeing Paddy Mayne’s Victoria Cross recommendation may have “misinterpreted” the regulations.
He told BFBS Forces News that the “inconceivable mistake needs to be corrected”.
Major John Sehmer whose home unit was the Royal Tank Regiment had already completed an SOE mission in Serbia when he volunteered for a second mission to Hungary accompanied by Private Willis and Wilson as part of Operation Windproof in Slovakia and Hungary to encourage and support a Slovak uprising by partisans; establish communications with London and assist the Hungarian Government to negotiate an armistice with the allies.
Sehmer and his team worked at the maximum range of the RAF Special Duties Halifax bombers based in Bari Italy, which meant they had a limited time over drop zones before having to return to base. Frequent bad weather also made navigation difficult and supply drops were sometimes cancelled. Added to the problems with air operations were political arguments between the Foreign Office in London, Moscow and several governments in exile.
Shortly after Sehmer and his men parachuted into Slovakia on 18 September 1944 he sent a report saying they had been dropped around fifteen miles from the drop zone and almost on top of German troops and ran the risk of being shot by Slovak sentries.
After arriving the ‘Sehmer Team’ joined forces with an American OSS team informally called ‘Dawes Mission’ located in the Hron Valley in the Lower Tatras where they stayed in a farmhouse in a village called Polomka in the Brenzo district located in the Banska region of Central Slovakia.
The date is unknown when the farmhouse was surrounded by 250 men, and some were locals led by the Germans. It was later said a partisan sentry had fallen asleep and axis forces were able to circle the farmhouse undetected before they came under heavy machine gun fire. The partisans with the support of SOE (Sehmer, Wilson and Wills) along with an unknown number of OSS agents held out for three-hours and after being bombarded by German artillery were forced to escape but all were captured.
Sehmer, Willis and Wilson were imprisoned at Banska Bystrica in central Slovakia and on 6 January 1945 were transported to Mauthausen concentration camp and interrogated the same day.
SS-Standartenfuhrer Franz Zieries
On 7 January Sehmer was badly beaten by SS-Standartenfuhrer Franz Zieries who was the Mauthausen camp commander. It is known Sehmer was suspended by his arms from the ceiling of the interrogation room and tortured for four days.
On or around 23 January 1945 Major Sehmer was shot through the head by camp commander Zieries. It is not known what happened to his body but was most likely thrown into a mass grave along with several American OSS operatives who had also been killed; among the victims was Lieutenant James Holt Green serving with OSS who had arrived by parachute a day before Sehmer and his men. In total, eleven Americans were also shot or beheaded by the Germans. On 24 January 1945 the German overseas news agency made the following radio announcement, ‘Eighteen members of the Anglo-American group of agents headed by an American named Green and an Englishman named Sehmer who posed as a major were caught on Slovakia soil in the hinterland of the German fighting sector. Investigations revealed they had the task to carry out acts of sabotage in Anglo-American interests. The agents who wore mufti when arrested were sentenced to death by court martial.
In January 2004 the commander of the unit that captured the SOE and OSS teams along with partisans was arrested at his home in Munich. The German authorities stated that eighty-six-year-old Ludislav Niznansky was being investigated for the murder of civilians; there was no mention of the men serving with SOE and OSS and Niznansky was acquitted when the case came to trial.
According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Major John Sehmer was awarded an MBE!
Alan Malcher 